蒸汽锅炉隐患分析及预防

蒸汽锅炉隐患分析及预防
锅炉结构不合理造成某些部位强度不够、水循环不良、存在热偏差或炉体不能自由膨胀等；锅炉材质不符合质量要求；制造工艺不当，受压部件存在内应力；排污口安装高，泥渣无法排尽；锅炉两端无膨胀滑动支点，管道膨胀受阻；安全阀设计不合理，调试不符合要求；水位表安装位置不合理；压力表不准或连接管未按要求安装；防爆门过重或卸压面积不足；排烟温度设计不合理等。
锅炉运行管理不善造成锅炉缺水或满水；水质管理不善引起锅炉结垢；除氧不善使金属受热面产生腐蚀；排污不及时造成炉水碱度过高；调节不及时造成锅炉雾化不良、燃烧不完全、火焰不稳定或偏斜；燃烧器本身故障或燃烧系统故障造成锅炉熄火等。
锅炉管理制度不健全，缺乏锅炉房安全运行管理的9项制度7项纪录；锅炉受压部件及安全附件等缺乏定期检验、检修；操作人员无证操作或操作证未按时审验；操作人员技术素质低，缺乏常见事故隐患判断能力；设备的维护、保养、检修不及时、不到位等。
锅炉受压元件的强度计算，应按《锅壳式锅炉受压元件强度计算标准》和JB2197-77《水管锅炉受压元件强度计算》进行；锅炉结构应符合规程的有关规定，如运行时各部分应能自由膨胀，水循环应安全可靠，非受热面的元件应有足够的冷却或可靠的绝热，锅炉的安装、检修和清扫应尽量方便等；设计人员应对其设计的锅炉安全性能负责，设计图纸、技术文件上应有完备的签字，并完成审核备案手续。制造厂必须具备保证产品质量所必要的技术力量、设备、检验手段和管理制度；新试制的锅炉产品，必须进行技术鉴定，合格后方能正式生产投入市场；必须严格执行原材料的验收制度、工艺管理制度和产品质量检验制度。只有经省（或相当市）级劳动部门批准的锅炉安装单位才能承担安装任务；安装锅炉的单位，应按TJ231（六）《机械设备安装工程施工及验收规范》*六册的规定施工。
锅炉使用单位应向当地劳动部门办理锅炉设备使用登记手续；司炉人员应持证上岗；应健全以岗位责任制为主的各项规章制度，建立运行管理奖惩考核制度，严格监督，奖惩兑现；认真落实好车间、班组、值班人员检查制，发现问题及时处理；认真做好锅炉运行、检查、维修等各项纪录；按要求做好停炉保养工作；认真执行《低压锅炉水质标准》，确保水质达标；杜绝三违作业。锅炉按规定定期进行停炉检验和水压试验；经常检查锅炉的三大安全附件（安全阀、压力表和水位计）、转动设备、配电保护设施等，做好记录，确保灵敏可靠。
Boiler structure is not reasonable cause some bad parts strength is not enough, the water cycle, have heat deviation or furnace can not free expansion, etc. Boiler materials do not conform to the requirements of the quality; Manufacturing processes improper, pressure exists internal stress; Installation is high, the outlet of the sludge can't row; Inflation sliding protection on both ends of the boiler, stuck pipe expansion; The relief valve design is unreasonable, debugging is not in conformity with the requirements; Water gauge installation position is not reasonable; Pressure gauge is not allowed or connecting pipe not installed as required; Explosion door overweight or unloading area is insufficient; Exhaust temperature design unreasonable, etc.
Boiler mismanagement of the boiler water shortage or filled with water; Mismanagement of water quality caused by boiler scale; Oxygen is not good to make metallic heating-surface corrosion; Pollution caused by the furnace thermonatrite through high, not in time Regulation is not in time cause atomization, incomplete combustion of boiler, flame instability or deflection; The burner itself down fault or failure cause of boiler combustion system, etc.
The boiler management system is not sound, lack of the safe operation of the boiler house management system of 9 7 records; Boiler pressure parts and safety accessories such as a lack of regular inspection and maintenance; Operator unlicensed operation or operation certificate not submitted on time; Operating personnel technical quality is low, the lack of common accidents judgment; Equipment maintenance, maintenance, overhaul is not in a timely manner, does not reach the designated position, etc.
Strength calculation of boiler pressure parts, should press "pot shell boiler pressure parts strength calculation standard and JB2197-77" water boiler pressure parts strength calculation; Boiler structure shall comply with the relevant provisions of the regulations, such as the runtime parts should be free to expand, the water cycle should be safe and reliable, the heating element should have enough cooling or reliable adiabatic, boiler installation and maintenance and cleaning should be as easy as possible for etc. Designers should be responsible for the design of boiler safety performance, the signature of the design drawings and technical documents should be complete, and put on record formalities complete review. Manufacturers must be able to guarantee the quality of the products are the necessary technical strength, equipment, inspection means and management system; New trial production of boiler products, must carry out technical appraisal, qualified rear can officially production on the market; Must strictly implement the system of the acceptance of raw materials, process management system and product quality inspection system. Only by the provincial level (or equivalent city) approved by the department of labor boiler installation unit to bear the installation tasks; The installation of boiler unit, should press TJ231 (6) the construction and acceptance of mechanical equipment installation engineering construction sixth volume of regulations.
Shall be filed with the local labor department boiler unit using the boiler registration formalities; Stoker personnel should show certificates; Should sound is given priority to with post responsibility system's each rules and regulations, establish the operation management appraisal system of rewards and punishments strict supervision, rewards and punishments to cash; Earnestly implement good workshop, shift, operator on duty to check system, found that the problem handled in time; The boiler operation earnestly, inspection, maintenance records; According to the requirement to do a good job of boiler stop maintain; Conscientiously implement the low pressure boiler water quality standards, to ensure the water quality standards; Put an end to three violations. Boiler boiler inspection and hydrostatic test regularly according to regulations; Check the three security of the boiler accessories (safety valve, pressure gauge and water level gauge), rotating equipment, power distribution protection facilities, etc., make record, ensure that sensitive and reliable.
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